Measure from the corner of mouth to earlobe.Tilt the infant downward, then slap on the back. Back slaps: for conscious, choking infants below 1 years of age.Stand behind the patient, hug and grasp around the abdomen, and then thrust inward and upward. Abdominal thrusts (Heimlich maneuver): removes airway obstruction when a conscious patient is choking on something.Treat the stoma as the opening at which you perform suction and artificial ventilation. Stoma: For patients undergoing tracheostomy or laryngectomy, a stoma is created - a hole in the neck that serves as the airway opening.Catheter size for the nose is measured from the tip of the nose to the earlobe.Can be used to suction the nose and nasopharynx. Soft catheter: also called the "French" catheter.Catheter size for the mouth is measured from the corner of the mouth to the earlobe.Used to suction the mouth and oral pharynx. Hard / rigid catheter: also called the Yankauer, tonsil tip or tonsil sucker.Provide PPV (positive pressure ventilation) and O2 if the patient if suctioning causes inadequate respiration.Suction for no more than 15 s at a time for adults and 5 s for infants and children.Always suction using the catheter on its way out.Do not suction below the base of the tongue.Thrust the jaw forward with your fingers. Firmly hold the head and jaw on both sides with your hands. Jaw thrust: position behind a supine patient.Do not perform on patients with spinal injury. Hold down the forehead with one hand, lift up the chin with the other. Head-tilt chin-lift: position to the side of a supine patient.Opening the mouth: patient supine, you position behind the patient, and then use a crossed thumb-forefinger to open the mouth by the teeth using a scissors motion.Administer oxygen and artificial ventilation. Gurgling: caused by liquid in the airway. Crowing: caused by muscle spasms around the larynx.Treat by head-tilt chin-lift or jaw thrust and / or insert airway adjunct. Snoring: caused by the tongue obstructing the airway.Facial injuries like burns or trauma may block or deform the airway.Loss of gag reflex may cause aspirations of food / vomit.Altered mental status patients cannot protect their airway.Alert, responsive and talking patients have a patent airway, which means that it is open.Hypoxia is the leading cause of cardiac arrest in children. Children have smaller O2 reserve and a higher metabolic rate, which means that hypoxia can easily be a problem.The softer chest wall means that a child's lungs can easily be over inflated during artificial ventilation.Softer chest wall which requires more use of the diaphragm for breathing.Less rigid cricoid cartilage, which is also the narrowest part of the upper airway.Children requires padding on the back when lying supine Larger head that tilts to obstruct the airway when lying supine.Airway becomes more easily obstructed in children due to:.In the body, O2 diffuses from the capillary into the cells and CO2 diffuses from the cells into the capillary.In the lungs, O2 diffuses from the air into the capillary and CO2 diffuses from the capillary into the air.Things diffuse from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration. Administer high concentration O2 via nonrebreather mask.Tachycardia and/or dysrhythmia (irregular heart rhythm), which eventually leads to bradycardia.Cyanosis: late sign of hypoxia - bluish color of the lips, inside the mouth, conjunctiva, and nail beds.Restlessness, agitation and combativeness.
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